Ginseng

Undergrowth vegetation (needs natural or artificial shade) - Likes acidic (pH 6.3 to 6.8) and light (sandy or humus rich) soil to be able to easily develop its roots. Loses its leaves and stem, and lies dormant in autumn. Its vegetation recovers from the terminal bud as the weather starts to warm up in the spring. It takes four to seven years of growth to reach its optimal content of medicinal compounds.

Latin name

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

Origin

North East Asia.

Used part

The root.

Active components

Saponins (ginsenosides): have a modulating effect on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and are therefore responsible for its adaptogenic effect.

Polysaccharides: responsible for the immunostimulant properties.

Usage

When purchasing ginseng, it is important to take care because there are numerous different varieties that do not all have the same properties and there are even plants that falsely bear the name “ginseng”. From the name “panax” which means a panacea, it can be deduced that ginseng is effectively a plant with numerous applications. Studies demonstrate that ginseng is rich in antioxidants and therefore has a cellular protective effect. _1-3 The plant helps to maintain optimal condition, vitality and energy. Ginseng supports cognitive reactivity and contributes to the optimisation of memory and concentration. _12-20

Bibliographical references

Panax ginseng reduces oxidative stress and restores antioxidantcapacity in aged rats. Ramesh T, Kim SW, Hwang SY, Sohn SH, Yoo SK,Kim SK. Nutr Res. 2012 Sep;32(9):718-26. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23084645
Chemical insightsinto ginseng as a resource for natural antioxidants. Liu ZQ. ChemRev. 2012 Jun 13;112(6):3329-55. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352962
Antioxidant effectsof Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in healthy subjects: a randomized,placebo-controlled clinical trial. Kim HG, Yoo SR, Park HJ, Lee NH,Shin JW, Sathyanath R, Cho JH, Son CG. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011Sep;49(9):2229-35. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699953
Cardiovascularprotection by ginsenosides and their nitric oxide releasing action.Chen X. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1996 Aug;23(8):728-32. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8886498
The effects ofginseng on the performance of nurses on night duty. Fulder, S.,Hallstrom, C. & Carruthers, M. Korean Ginseng ResearchInstitute, 1974, 81-85. World Scientific:http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S014729177800037X
Ginseng and the hypothalamic-pituitary control of stress. FulderSJ. Am J Chin Med. 1981 Summer;9(2):112-8. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7345916
Stimulation ofpituitary-adrenocortical system by ginseng saponin. Hiai S,Yokoyama H, Oura H, Yano S. Endocrinol Jpn. 1979 Dec;26(6):661-5.Pubmed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/232038
Features ofginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion. Hiai S, YokoyamaH, Oura H. Endocrinol Jpn. 1979 Dec;26(6):737-40. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/396151
Ginseng, sex behavior,and nitric oxide. Murphy LL, Lee TJ. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002May;962:372-7. Pubmed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12076988
10. The aphrodisiac and adaptogenic properties of ginseng. NocerinoE, Amato M, Izzo AA. Fitoterapia. 2000 Aug;71 Suppl 1:S1-5. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10930706
Treatment ofinsomnia: an alternative approach. Attele AS, Xie JT, Yuan CS.Altern Med Rev. 2000 Jun;5(3):249-59. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869104
Effects ofstandardized ginseng extract on learning, memory and physicalcapabilities. Petkov VD, Mosharrof AH. Am J Chin Med.1987;15(1-2):19-29. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3687838
Actions ofginsenoside Rb1 on choline uptake in central cholinergic nerveendings. Benishin CG. Neurochem Int. 1992 Jul;21(1):1-5. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1338897
Inhibitory effect ofginsenosides on NMDA receptor-mediated signals in rat hippocampalneurons. Kim S, Ahn K, Oh TH, Nah SY, Rhim H. Biochem Biophys ResCommun. 2002 Aug 16;296(2):247-54. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12163009
Long-termginsenoside administration prevents memory impairment in agedC57BL/6J mice by up-regulating the synaptic plasticity-relatedproteins in hippocampus. Zhao H, Li Q, Pei X, Zhang Z, Yang R, WangJ, Li Y. Behav Brain Res. 2009 Aug 12;201(2):311-7. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19428650
Memory effects ofstandardized extracts of Panax ginseng (G115), Ginkgo biloba (GK501) and their combination Gincosan (PHL-00701). Petkov VD, KehayovR, Belcheva S, Konstantinova E, Petkov VV, Getova D, Markovska V.Planta Med. 1993 Apr;59(2):106-14. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8488188
Non-ginsenosidenicotinic activity in ginseng species. Lewis R, Wake G, Court G,Court JA, Pickering AT, Kim YC, Perry EK. Phytother Res. 1999Feb;13(1):59-64. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10189953
Dose dependentchanges in cognitive performance and mood following acuteadministration of Ginseng to healthy young volunteers. Kennedy DO,Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Nutr Neurosci. 2001;4(4):295-310. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11842896
The effect of acuteadministration of 400mg of Panax ginseng on cognitive performanceand mood in healthy young volunteers. Sünram-Lea, S. I. andBirchall, R. and Wesnes, K. A. and Petrini Nutraceutical ResearchVol. 3, No. 1, pp. 65-74, 2005 Lancaster EPrints:http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/18743/
20. The memory enhancing effectsof a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-agedvolunteers. Wesnes KA, Ward T, McGinty A, Petrini O.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000 Nov;152(4):353-61. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11140327
Protective Effectof Ginseng Polysaccharides on Influenza Viral Infection Dae-GoonYoo, Min-Chul Kim, Min-Kyung Park, Kyoung-Mi Park, Fu-Shi Quan,Jae-Min Song, Jae Joon Wee, Bao-Zhong Wang, Young-Keol Cho,RichardW. Compans, Sang-Moo Kang PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33678 Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442708
Panax ginseng as apotential immunomodulator: studies in mice. Kim JY, Germolec DR,Luster MI. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1990;12(2):257-76.Pubmed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2229924
Immunomodulatory Activity of Ginsan, a Polysaccharide of PanaxGinseng, on Dendritic Cells Mi-Hyoung Kim, Yun-Young Byon, Eun-JuKo, Jie-Young Song, Yeon-Sook Yun, Taekyun Shin, and Hong-Gu JooKorean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 June; 13(3): 169–173. PMC:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766729/
Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng.Kenarova B, Neychev H, Hadjiivanova C, Petkov VD. Jpn J Pharmacol.1990 Dec;54(4):447-54. Pubmed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2087006

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